Located in the western part of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, Adıyaman is the 42nd largest province in Turkey with a surface area of 7,337 km² and an elevation of 669 meters. For centuries, the city has been situated along the Silk Road, one of the most important routes for trade and cultural exchange.

A significant portion of the Atatürk Dam Reservoir lies within the borders of Adıyaman. The northern part of the province is mountainous, while the southern part consists of plains, resulting in two distinct climate zones. The northern mountainous areas experience a continental climate, whereas the southern plains are influenced by the Mediterranean climate.